Plywood e entsoe ka likarolo tse tharo kapa ho feta tsa lehong tse tšesaane tse kopantsoeng hammoho le sekhomaretsi.Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lehong, kapa ply, hangata e lebisitsoe ka lijo-thollo tsa eona tse mathang ka mahlakoreng a nepahetseng ho ea ho lera le haufi e le ho fokotsa ho fokotseha le ho ntlafatsa matla a sengoathoana se felileng.Bongata ba plywood bo hatelloa ka har'a maqephe a maholo, a bataletseng a sebelisetsoang ho haha.Likotoana tse ling tsa plywood li ka etsoa li-curve tse bonolo kapa tse kopantsoeng bakeng sa ho sebelisoa thepa ea ka tlung, liketsoana le lifofane.
Tšebeliso ea mapolanka a masesaane e le mokhoa oa ho aha hoo e ka bang ka 1500 BC ha litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho tsa Baegepeta li ne li kopanya likotoana tse tšesaane tsa patsi e lefifi ea ebony ka ntle ho lekese la kedare le fumanoeng lebitleng la Morena Tut-Ankh-Amon.Mokhoa ona hamorao o ile oa sebelisoa ke Bagerike le Baroma ho hlahisa thepa ea ka tlung e ntle le lintho tse ling tse khabisang.Lilemong tsa bo-1600, bonono ba ho khabisa thepa ea ka tlung ka likotoana tse tšesaane tsa lehong bo ile ba tsejoa e le veneering, 'me likotoana ka botsona li ile tsa tsejoa e le li-veneers.
Ho fihlela bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1700, likotoana tsa veneer li ne li khaoloa ka letsoho.Ka 1797, monna oa Lenyesemane Sir Samuel Bentham o ile a etsa kōpo ea litokelo tsa molao tse koahelang mechine e mengata ea ho hlahisa li-veneers.Likopong tsa hae tsa litokelo tsa molao, o ile a hlalosa khopolo ea ho laminating likarolo tse 'maloa tsa veneer ka sekhomaretsi ho etsa sengoathoana se teteaneng-tlhaloso ea pele ea seo hona joale re se bitsang plywood.
Ho sa tsotellehe tsoelo-pele ena, ho ile ha nka lilemo tse ling tse ka bang lekholo pele li-laminated veneers li fumana tšebeliso leha e le efe ea khoebo ka ntle ho indasteri ea thepa ea ka tlung.Hoo e ka bang ka 1890, lifate tsa laminated li ile tsa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho haha mamati.Ha tlhokahalo e ntse e eketseha, lik'hamphani tse 'maloa li ile tsa qala ho hlahisa lipampiri tsa lehong le entsoeng ka mapolanka a mangata, eseng feela bakeng sa mamati, empa hape bakeng sa ho sebelisoa likoloing tsa terene, libese le lifofane.Ho sa tsotellehe tšebeliso ena e ntseng e eketseha, khopolo ea ho sebelisa "mapolanka a pentiloeng," joalokaha litsebi tse ling tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho li ne li e bitsa ka ho soma, e ile ea hlahisa setšoantšo se fosahetseng bakeng sa sehlahisoa.Ho hanyetsa setšoantšo sena, baetsi ba lehong la laminated ba ile ba kopana 'me qetellong ba lula ka lentsoe "plywood" ho hlalosa thepa e ncha.
Ka 1928, maqephe a pele a boholo bo tloaelehileng a 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) a ile a hlahisoa United States bakeng sa ho sebelisoa e le thepa ea mohaho ka kakaretso.Lilemong tse mashome tse latelang, likhomaretsi tse ntlafalitsoeng le mekhoa e mecha ea tlhahiso li ile tsa lumella plywood hore e sebelisoe bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng.Kajeno, plywood e nkile sebaka sa mapolanka a sehiloeng bakeng sa merero e mengata ea kaho, 'me tlhahiso ea plywood e fetohile indasteri ea lidolara tse limilione tse likete, lefatšeng ka bophara.
Likarolo tse ka ntle tsa plywood li tsejoa ka ho latellana e le sefahleho le mokokotlo.Sefahleho ke bokaholimo bo lokelang ho sebelisoa kapa ho bonoa, ha mokokotlo o ntse o sa sebelisoe kapa o ipatile.Lera le bohareng le tsejoa e le mantlha.Li-plywood tse nang le li-plies tse hlano kapa ho feta, lihlopha tse bohareng li tsejoa e le li-crossbands.
Plywood e ka etsoa ka lehong le thata, lehong la softwood, kapa ka motsoako oa tse peli.Tse ling tsa lifate tse thata tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa molora, 'mapa, mahogany, oak le teak.Sefate se tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa se sebelisoang ho etsa plywood United States ke Douglas fir, le hoja mefuta e mengata ea phaene, kedare, spruce le redwood e boetse e sebelisoa.
Plywood e kopantsoeng e na le motheo o entsoeng ka lepolanka kapa likotoana tsa mapolanka tse tiileng tse kopantsoeng ho ea moeling.E phethoa ka sefahleho sa plywood veneer le mokokotlo.Plywood e kopantsoeng e sebelisoa moo ho hlokahalang maqephe a teteaneng haholo.
Mofuta oa sekhomaretsi o sebelisetsoang ho kopanya likarolo tsa lehong hammoho o itšetlehile ka kopo e khethehileng ea plywood e phethiloeng.Lipampiri tsa plywood tsa Softwood tse etselitsoeng ho kenngoa ka ntle ho mohaho hangata li sebelisa resin ea phenol-formaldehyde e le sekhomaretsi ka lebaka la matla a eona a babatsehang le ho hanyetsa mongobo.Maqephe a Softwood plywood a etselitsoeng ho kenngoa ka hare ho mohaho a ka sebelisa protheine ea mali kapa sekhomaretsi sa protheine ea soya, le hoja boholo ba maqephe a ka hare a softwood a se a entsoe ka resin e tšoanang ea phenol-formaldehyde e sebelisetsoang maqephe a ka ntle.Plywood ea Hardwood e sebelisetsoang lisebelisoa tsa ka hare le mohahong oa thepa ea ka tlung hangata e etsoa ka resin ea urea-formaldehyde.
Lisebelisoa tse ling li hloka lipampiri tsa plywood tse nang le lesela le tšesaane la polasetiki, tšepe, kapa pampiri e kentsoeng ka resin kapa lesela le kopantsoeng sefahlehong kapa mokokotlong (kapa ka bobeli) ho fana ka bokantle bo ka ntle ho hanyetsa mongobo le ho phatloha kapa ho ntlafatsa pente ea eona- ho ts'oara thepa.Plywood e joalo e bitsoa plywood e koahetsoeng 'me hangata e sebelisoa indastering ea kaho, ea lipalangoang le ea temo.
Lipampiri tse ling tsa plywood li ka koaheloa ka letheba la metsi ho etsa hore bokaholimo bo be le ponahalo e felileng, kapa li ka phekoloa ka lik'hemik'hale tse fapaneng ho ntlafatsa ho hanyetsa lelakabe la plywood kapa ho hanyetsa ho bola.
Ho na le lihlopha tse peli tse pharaletseng tsa plywood, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tsamaiso ea eona ea ho hlophisa.
Sehlopha se seng se tsejoa e le kaho le indasteri.Li-plywood tsa sehlopha sena li sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa matla a tsona 'me li lekantsoe ke bokhoni ba tsona ba ho pepeseha le boemo ba veneer e sebelisoang sefahlehong le ka morao.Bokhoni ba ho pepeseha bo ka ba kahare kapa kantle, ho latela mofuta oa sekhomaretsi.Limaraka tsa Veneer e kanna ea ba N, A, B, C, kapa D. N grade e na le mefokolo e fokolang haholo, athe kereiti ea D e kanna ea ba le mafito a mangata le ho petsoha.Ka mohlala, plywood e sebelisetsoang subflooring ka tlung e lekantsoe "CD e ka hare".Sena se bolela hore se na le sefahleho sa C se nang le mokokotlo oa D, 'me sekhomaretsi se loketse ho sebelisoa libakeng tse sirelelitsoeng.Lithako tse ka hare tsa plywood tsohle tsa kaho le tsa indasteri li entsoe ho tloha sehlopheng sa C kapa sa D veneer, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ke lintlha life.
Sehlopha se seng sa plywood se tsejoa e le lehong le thata le le khabisitsoeng.Li-plywood tsa sehlopha sena li sebelisoa haholo-holo bakeng sa ponahalo ea tsona 'me li kenngoa ka mokhoa o theohang oa ho hanyetsa mongobo joaloka Technical (Ka ntle), Mofuta oa I (Ka ntle), Mofuta oa II (Ka hare), le Mofuta oa III (Ka hare).Liaparo tsa tsona tsa sefahleho ha li na sekoli.
Boholo
Lipampiri tsa plywood li fapana ka botenya ho tloha.06 ho (1.6 mm) ho isa ho 3.0 ho (76 mm).Botenya bo atileng haholo bo maemong a 0.25 ho (6.4 mm) ho isa ho 0.75 ho (19.0 mm).Le hoja motheo, mabanta a sefapano, le sefahleho le ka morao ea lakane ea plywood li ka 'na tsa etsoa ka liphahlo tse fapaneng tsa botenya, botenya ba e' ngoe le e 'ngoe bo tlameha ho leka-lekana ho potoloha bohareng.Ka mohlala, sefahleho le mokokotlo li tlameha ho ba le botenya bo lekanang.Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li-cross tse ka holimo le tse ka tlase li tlameha ho lekana.
Boholo bo tloaelehileng ba maqephe a plywood a sebelisoang kahong ea mohaho ke 4 ft (1.2 m) bophara le 8 ft (2.4 m) bolelele.Bophara bo bong bo tloaelehileng ke 3 ft (0.9 m) le 5 ft (1.5 m).Bolelele bo fapana ho tloha ho 8 ft (2.4 m) ho isa ho 12 ft (3.6 m) ho 1 ft (0.3 m) increments.Lisebelisoa tse khethehileng joalo ka ho haha likepe li ka hloka lishiti tse kholoanyane.
Lifate tse sebelisetsoang ho etsa plywood hangata li nyane ka bophara ho feta tse sebelisetsoang ho etsa mapolanka.Hangata, li lenngoe le ho lengoa libakeng tse nang le k'hamphani ea plywood.Libaka tsena li laoloa ka hloko ho eketsa kholo ea lifate le ho fokotsa tšenyo e bakoang ke likokoanyana kapa mollo.
Mona ke tatellano e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso ea ho lokisa lifate ho ba maqephe a plywood a 4 ft ka 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m):
Li-logs li qala ho khaoloa ebe li khaoloa ka li-blocker blocks.E le ho khaola li-blocks hore e be lihlopha tsa veneer, li qala ho kolobisoa ebe lia eboloa hore e be lihlopha.
1 Lifate tse khethiloeng sebakeng li tšoauoa hore li se li loketse ho rengoa, kapa ho rengoa.Ho rengoa ho ka etsoa ka lisakha tse tsamaeang ka peterole kapa ka likere tse khōlō tsa haeteroliki tse kenngoeng ka pele ho likoloi tse mabili tse bitsoang li- fellers.Litholoana li ntšoa lifateng tse oeleng ka lisakha tsa ketane.
2 Likutu tsa lifate tse remisitsoeng, kapa likutu, li huleloa sebakeng sa ho laeloa ka likoloi tse mabili tse bitsoang li-skidders.Likutu li khaoloa ka bolelele ’me li laeloa literakeng bakeng sa leeto la ho ea leloaleng la plywood, moo li phuthetsoeng ka liqubu tse telele tse tsejoang ka hore ke li-log decks.
3 Ha likutu li hlokahala, li nkuoa ho tloha mokatong oa mapolanka ka litšepe tse khathetseng ke rabara ebe li behoa holim’a mochini o tsamaisang ketane o li tlisang mochineng o thellang.Mochine ona o tlosa lekhapetla, ebang ke ka mabili a silang a meno a bohale kapa ka lijete tsa metsi a nang le khatello e phahameng, ha logi e ntse e potoloha butle-butle ho pota-potile axis ea eona e telele.
4 Likutu tse khaotsoeng li isoa leloaleng holim'a mochini o tsamaisang ketane moo sakha e kholo ea selikalikoe e li arolang likarolo tse ka bang 8 ft-4 in (2.5 m) ho isa ho 8 ft-6 in (2.6 m) bolelele, tse loketseng ho etsa standard 8 ft. (2.4 m) maqephe a malelele.Likarolo tsena tsa log li tsejoa e le peeler blocks.
5 Pele sekoahelo se ka khaoloa, liboloko tsa peeler li tlameha ho futhumatsoa le ho kolobisoa ho nolofatsa patsi.Li-blocks li ka chesoa kapa tsa qoelisoa ka metsing a chesang.Ts'ebetso ena e nka lihora tse 12-40 ho latela mofuta oa patsi, bophara ba block, le lintlha tse ling.
6 Li-block tsa peeler tse futhumetseng li fetisetsoa sebakeng sa peeler lathe, moo li ikamahanyang le tsona ebe li kenngoa ka har'a lathe ka nako.Ha lathe e ntse e potoloha boloko ka potlako mabapi le axis ea eona e telele, lehare la thipa le bolelele bo felletseng le ebola letlapa le tsoelang pele la veneer ho tloha holim'a boloko bo ohiang ka lebelo la 300-800 ft/min (90-240 m/min).Ha bophara ba boloko bo fokotsehile ho fihla ho 3-4 ho (230-305 mm), karolo e setseng ea patsi, e tsejoang e le peeler core, e ntšoa ho tloha lathe ebe sebaka se secha sa peeler se kenngoa sebakeng.
7 Letlapa le lelelele la veneer le hlahang ho tloha / lesela la peeler le ka sebetsoa hang-hang, kapa le ka bolokoa ka literei tse telele, tse nang le mekhahlelo e mengata kapa la ba le maqeba holim'a meqolo.Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa o latelang o kenyelletsa ho khaola veneer ka bophara bo ka sebelisoang, hangata e ka bang 4 ft-6 in (1.4 m), bakeng sa ho etsa maqephe a plywood a tloaelehileng a 4 ft (1.2 m).Ka nako e ts'oanang, li-scanner tsa optical li batla likarolo tse nang le likoli tse sa amoheleheng, 'me tsena lia khaoloa, li siea likotoana tse ka tlase ho bophara bo tloaelehileng ba veneer.
Methapo e metsi ea veneer e kenngoa moqolong, ha mochine oa optical scanner o lemoha mefokolo leha e le efe e sa amoheleheng lehong.Hang ha veneer e omisitsoe, e hlophisitsoe ebe e kenngoa.Likarolo tse khethiloeng tsa veneer li kopantsoe hammoho.Mochine oa khatiso o chesang o sebelisoa ho koala veneer karolong e le 'ngoe e tiileng ea plywood, e tla pongoa le ho etsoa lehlabathe pele e hatisoa ka kereiti ea eona e loketseng.
8 Joale likarolo tsa veneer lia hlophisoa ebe li phutheloa ho ea ka sehlopha.Sena se ka etsoa ka letsoho, kapa se ka 'na sa etsoa ka mokhoa o ikemetseng ka lisebelisoa tsa optical scanner.
9 Likarolo tse hlophisitsoeng li tšeloa ka har'a se omisang ho fokotsa mongobo oa tsona le ho li lumella ho honyela pele li kopanngoa hammoho.Boholo ba mabili a plywood a sebelisa mochini o omisang mochini oo likotoana li ntseng li tsoela pele ho kena ka phaposing e futhumetseng.Li-dryer tse ling, li-jet tsa lebelo le phahameng, moea o futhumetseng li butsoela holim'a likotoana ho potlakisa mokhoa oa ho omisa.
10 Ha likaroloana tsa veneer li tsoa se omisang, li phutheloa ho latela maemo.Likarolo tse ka tlas'a bophara li na le veneer e eketsehileng e kopantsoeng ka theipi kapa sekhomaretsi ho etsa likotoana tse loketseng ho sebelisoa likarolong tse ka hare moo ponahalo le matla li seng bohlokoa hakaalo.
11 Likarolo tseo tsa li-veneer tse tla hlongoa litselana—moko ka har’a lilakane tse nang le mahlakore a mararo, kapa mabanta a tšekaletseng ka lilakane tse nang le mahlakore a mahlano—li sehiloe ka bolelele ba hoo e ka bang 4 ft-3 in (1,3 m).
12 Ha likarolo tse loketseng tsa veneer li bokelloa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e itseng ea plywood, mokhoa oa ho beha le ho kopanya likotoana hammoho o qala.Sena se ka etsoa ka letsoho kapa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka mochini.Tabeng e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ea maqephe a mararo, mokokotlo o ka morao o behoa fatše 'me o tsamaisoa ka sekhomaretsi sa sekhomaretsi, se sebelisang lesela la sekhomaretsi sebakeng se ka holimo.Likarolo tse khutšoane tsa core veneer ebe li beoa liphapano holim'a mokokotlo o khomaretsoeng, 'me lakane kaofela e tšeloa ka har'a sekhomaretsi sa sekhomaretsi lekhetlo la bobeli.Qetellong, lesela la sefahleho le behoa holim'a motheo o khomaretsoeng, 'me lakane e phuthetsoe ka maqephe a mang a emetseng ho kena mochineng oa khatiso.
13 Maqephe a khomaretsoeng a kenngoa mochineng oa khatiso o chesang o bulehileng ka makhetlo a mangata.mechine ea khatiso e khona ho tšoara maqephe a 20-40 ka nako e le 'ngoe, 'me lakane e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e kenngoe sebakeng se arohaneng.Ha lipampiri tsohle li laetsoe, mochine oa khatiso o li kopanya hammoho tlas'a khatello ea hoo e ka bang 110-200 psi (7.6-13.8 bar), ha ka nako e ts'oanang e futhumatsa mocheso oa hoo e ka bang 230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 °). C).Khatello e tiisa kamano e ntle pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa veneer, 'me mocheso o etsa hore sekhomaretsi se fole hantle bakeng sa matla a mangata.Ka mor'a nako ea metsotso e 2-7, mochine oa khatiso o buloa 'me lipampiri li theoleloa.
14 Joale maqephe ana a makukuno a feta har’a sete ea lisakha, tse a sehang ho fihlela bophara le bolelele ba ’ona ba ho qetela.Lipampiri tsa maemo a holimo li feta har'a sehlopha sa li-sanders tsa mabanta tse bophara ba 4 ft (1.2 m) tse lenngoeng sefahlehong le mokokotlong.Lishiti tsa sehlopha sa mahareng li entsoe ka letsoho ho hloekisa libaka tse makukuno.Lipampiri tse ling li tšeloa ka har'a li-blades tse chitja, tse sehang li-grooves tse sa tebang sefahlehong ho etsa hore plywood e be le ponahalo ea sebopeho.Ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea ho qetela, liphoso leha e le life tse setseng lia lokisoa.
15 Lipampitšana tse phethiloeng li hatisitsoe ka lets'oao la "grade-trademark" le fang moreki tlhahisoleseling mabapi le boemo ba ho pepeseha, kereiti, nomoro ea leloala le lintlha tse ling.Lipampiri tsa mofuta o tšoanang oa lets'oao la khoebo li tlamisoa hammoho ka mekotla 'me li isoa sebakeng sa polokelo ho emela ho romelloa.
Joalo ka mapolanka, ha ho na ntho e kang karoloana e phethahetseng ea plywood.Likotoana tsohle tsa plywood li na le mefokolo e itseng.Nomoro le sebaka sa likoli tsena li khetholla boemo ba plywood.Litekanyetso tsa plywood tsa kaho le tsa indasteri li hlalosoa ke Tekanyetso ea Sehlahisoa PS1 e lokiselitsoeng ke Ofisi ea Naha ea Maemo le Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Plywood.Maemo a mapolanka a thata le a khabisitsoeng a hlalosoa ke ANSIIHPMA HP e lokiselitsoeng ke American National Standards Institute le Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers' Association.Litekanyetso tsena ha li thehe feela litsamaiso tsa maemo bakeng sa plywood, empa hape li hlakisa kaho, ts'ebetso le mekhoa ea kopo.
Le hoja plywood e sebelisa lifate ka tsela e nepahetseng-ha e le hantle e li arola le ho li khutlisetsa hammoho ka mokhoa o matla, o sebetsang haholoanyane - ho ntse ho e-na le litšila tse ngata tse teng tšebetsong ea tlhahiso.Maemong a mangata, ke hoo e ka bang 50-75% feela ea palo e ka sebelisoang ea lehong sefateng e fetoloang plywood.Ho ntlafatsa palo ena, lihlahisoa tse 'maloa tse ncha li ntse li ntlafatsoa.
Sehlahisoa se le seng se secha se bitsoa oriented strand board, e entsoeng ka ho petsola logong kaofela hore e be likhoele, ho e-na le ho ebola lesela ho tloha logong le ho lahla motheo.Likhoele li kopantsoe le sekhomaretsi 'me li hatelloa ka likarolo tse nang le lijo-thollo tse tsamaeang ka tsela e le' ngoe.Likarolo tsena tse hatelitsoeng li shebiloe ka li-angles tse nepahetseng ho tse ling, joalo ka plywood, 'me li kopantsoe hammoho.Oriented strand board e matla joalo ka plywood 'me e theko e tlase hanyane.
Nako ea poso: Aug-10-2021